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The term "school-to-prison pipeline" is a phrase that is used by scholars〔Catherine Y. Kim , Daniel J. Losen and Damon T. Hewitt. ''(The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Structuring Legal Reform ).'' NYU Press, 2010. ISBN 0814748430.〕〔Richard Mora and Mary Christianakis. (Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism ). ''Journal of Educational Controversy.'' Woodring College of Education, Western Washington University. Retrieved 10 March 2015.〕 and education reform activists and organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/school-prison-pipeline )〕 the Justice Policy Center, Advancement Project, and the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU)〔 to describe what they view as a widespread pattern in the United States of pushing students, especially those who are already at a disadvantage, out of school and into the American criminal justice system. They argue that this "pipeline" is the result of public institutions being neglectful or derelict in properly addressing students as individuals who might need extra educational or social assistance, or being unable to do so because of staffing shortages or statutory mandates.〔The School-To-Prison Pipeline: Structuring Legal Reform, Catherine Y.Kim, Daniel J. Losen, Damon T. Hewitt〕 The resulting miseducation and mass incarceration are said to create a vicious circle for individuals and communities. Activists state that the school-to-prison pipeline operates at all levels of US government (federal, state, county, city and school district) both directly as a result of zero tolerance policies, and indirectly due to exclusion from the school system. ==Components== Educational researcher Christine Christle and her colleagues〔Breaking the School to Prison Pipeline: Identifying School Risk and Protective Factors for Youth Delinquency Exceptionality: A Special Education Journal Volume 13, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 69 - 88 Authors: Christine A. Christle; Kristine Jolivette; C. Michael Nelson 〕 have determined that school-level practices correlate to delinquency and incarceration. These practices include searches of students, strict rules outlined in the school handbook and code of student conduct, excessive policing at schools, and high-stakes testing that slates students for failure, grade retention, and dropping out of school.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「School-to-prison pipeline」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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